https://boards.hellobee.com/ Pregnancy, Baby and Parenting blog, by Hellobee en Sat, 04 Apr 2026 20:47:00 +0000 https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2325169 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 23:32:33 +0000 brownie 2325169@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>I am personally a very picky eater (extreme) and I have survived two babies on a very limited diet. And as miserable as not eating is (and it came to that some times) it is so much better than seeing my babes in pain. My son was MSPI (and at 4 still soy intolerant) and my daughter is reacting to so much more. My son screamed 12-15 hours a day no matter what we did until we finally eliminated the food and the Zantac. My daughter is not very fussy unless we introduce a trigger food. She is pretty incredible. </p> <p>I can't believe I have been off dairy for the last 12 months and look at 18 more months off because my diet was a steady supply of ice cream, Mac and cheese. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2325158 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 22:48:24 +0000 BabyBoecksMom 2325158@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: both girls had colic and DD2 had reflux. It was crying every night for 3-4 hours where nothing helped. The only things that did help were wearing, white noise and gripe water. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2325145 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 21:57:06 +0000 Mama Bird 2325145@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>I don't know if it's really colic if it's not inconsolable, but for a long time the only things that would keep DD from screaming were nursing and being held (not in a carrier either, only in arms). I think it's mostly her temperament, she's really sensitive. She did have a lot of gas when she was really small, but I think many babies do and they don't scream like that. It hit a low point around six weeks, and now at three months she's finally getting to the point where she can be awake and happy without me holding her. I already dread teething though! </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2325135 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 21:24:32 +0000 Eko 2325135@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>Colic itself is a temperament that cannot be fixed. Some of the screaming and crying was a result of reflux, but really things have just improved over time. We really saw an improvement since he turned 4 months, but there's still room to go. DS hated taking the medicine too. What we found worked the best was him lying flat on his back and squirting a little bit at a time into his cheek. Hang in there. :heart: </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2325131 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 21:07:10 +0000 cascademom 2325131@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>E was a colicky baby. We did screaming car rides, Windi, everything. He slept okay in the day and awful at night. Happiest Baby helped us a lot. The Windi helped with gas until he could fart. Those were rough months. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2325028 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 19:06:58 +0000 dc yoga bee 2325028@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>Yes. M is a colicky baby, and has bad reflux. I could write a novel echoicng what others have said. I had colic until I was 9 months old. M will be 5 months next week. All<br /> I can say is hang in there! I'm told it gets better :) </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2325015 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 18:56:23 +0000 erinpye 2325015@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>I had 2 colicky babies, who are high-needs kids. It's temperament and high-sensitivity/ sensory stuff. DD1 was diagnosed with reflux, put on various meds, they didn't do anything. She got her tongue tie revised at 6 months and that made a big difference, but neither stopped long screaming fits until around a year old. Both still have very long and intense tantrum meltdowns, especially bad between 18 months and 2.5 years. DD1 has calmed since turning 3, yet still has some screaming meltdowns. It's just who and how they are. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324966 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 17:52:04 +0000 charlotte 2324966@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: for our mspi - green mucus diapers and fussiness were first sign and then blood in her diaper the first time she had formula. Her diapers were better after we fixed that but reflux became more obvious and we started the Zantac a week ago. She's 6 wks and doing much better but still has some issues, especially if we don't hold her up as much. </p> <p>That's definitely hard that your LO won't let you hold him that way. Would he let your husband? When I was still nursing my LO would seem to have a hard time settling - it was like she was always rooting on me, looking for comfort I'm assuming. </p> <p>We are definitely not having crying all the time now and she's even sleeping well but it has to be on us or in the R&amp;P. I'm scared to try transitioning. I don't know that Zantac is 100% doing the job and have had several friends say it didn't work for them and they needed something else. Planning to discuss at her 2m visit.... It seems worse when she spits some out too though- we try to give a little bit at a time now like @twodoghouse</p> <p>I hope things get better soon. I know it is so tiring and stressful, especially with a toddler running around. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324909 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 15:44:37 +0000 MrsADS 2324909@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>DS is 7 wks old and I just feel like I need to chime in to the colic/reflux discussion. I'd say we definitely have at least 3 hours of crying over the course of a day. He is in general just not a happy camper.</p> <p>BUT he has very bad reflux and protein intolerance, for sure - he was actually hospitalized and also had 2 ER visits for constant choking and vomiting/spit up after feeds. He also had nasty mucus diapers. After feeds (well really all the time) you can hear him refluxing and bringing stuff up even if he doesn't spit up (you can actually feel it if you put your hand on his chest).</p> <p>The first GI we were on put him on Zantac which did nothing. We switched GI doctors - love the new ped GI. He put him on Prevacid, Zantac, and Carafate. Carafate coats the esophagus. The acid actually erodes the esophagus so the GI said his esophagus probably had sores on it from his reflux being so bad - DS would literally be hysterical for 2 hours after every feeding, it was a NIGHTMARE. And not uncommon for him to spit up 10 to 20 times, each time screaming. And the reflux smelled awful, it was like the smell was coming out of his pores.</p> <p>Anyway, after 2 weeks on that, he was not a lot better. So the GI put me on a strict elimination diet - he suspected with the diapers and other issues (DS also was very congested/sniffly and got little rashes around his chest and back) that he had some kind of food intolerance (MSPI or otherwise). We also switched from Prevacid to Nexium. </p> <p>Well, now on Nexium plus elimination diet he is finally improving. Although I think he's still sensitive to things - we will have a few good days, and then for example the last 24 hours have been horrible. I think it's tomatoes that I ate. Anyway, it's a work in progress and he still struggles with the reflux and a lot of crying but it's not nearly as bad as it was.</p> <p>FYI for those of you struggling to get your LO to take Zantac, get it at a compounding pharmacy. Our new pediatric GI said that the liquid Zantac that you get filled at Walgreens or CVS for your baby is like 8% alcohol!! I tasted some of it and it was so bitter, like rusty pipes. We get everything filled at a compounding pharmacy and the meds now are a little sweet tasting, LO takes them without issue. </p> <p>He's also a super difficult sleeper, we have to use white noise, rocking, swaddle, etc. and it takes FOREVER to get him to sleep. He is not a good napper on the go. I think it's because he was in so much pain after he eats (and probably still is a little) that it's really hard to get him to relax and calm down.</p> <p>I can't WAIT until he outgrows all this. Right now I am not eating gluten, corn, dairy, soy, nuts, eggs, fish, and as of now also tomatoes and berries. (We tried Alimentum and he had an awful reaction to it - so BF is better - if he needed formula he'd probably have to go on an elemental formula like Elecare or Neocate.) It's likely he's not sensitive to ALL the things I eliminated. We'll probably try to re-introduce them one at a time, at least for things like eggs and wheat, maybe not dairy. I pretty much just eat chicken and potatoes! </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324856 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 14:16:16 +0000 daniellemybelle 2324856@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>My LO was not an extreme case of colic but I do consider her to have been colicky. My personal experience of my own colicky baby is that she was just unhappy for 4 months. She was the baby that was screaming in the hospital, in the doctor's office, at church, in the grocery store... Like most, I wondered if her tummy didn't feel good, but she had no real symptoms of reflux or MSPI, and any avenue I chased for gas relief or things of that nature were fruitless. After a while, I just accepted that she was fussy and we learned to live with it.</p> <p>Now, she definitely went through phases where she slept well and she didn't cry all day! In fact, I think about about 10 weeks she got into a good nap schedule. So she was not meeting the definition of crying 3 hours per day for at least 3 days per week. But at that point, we were putting in hard work to make sure she got the sleep she needed. She wasn't one of those easy babies that just drifts off in the stroller or in the carrier. If she was overtired, she was a mess.</p> <p>I'm sorry you are struggling. &lt;3 For me, it did get a little easier when I stopped trying to "diagnose" her and just learned to cope. I had a lot of help from my mom thankfully and I also learned that her fussiness was usually from fighting sleep and getting overtired so I transferred my obsession from digestive issues to her sleep. :) </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324855 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 14:14:28 +0000 QBbride 2324855@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: oops sorry now I see it!! Can you try mixing it in a bottle with 5mL of breastmilk? That's what we do in the NICU. The other thing you can try is squirting the Zantac into a nipple and letting him suck on the nipple. Good luck!! </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324821 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 13:18:58 +0000 shopaholic 2324821@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@twodoghouse: Thank you for that response! I will check in again with the ped at his 6 week appointment about dosing and maybe the solutabs. </p> <p>@Rainbow Sprinkles: Oh my that diet sounds so sad. :( Though I'm sure I'd loose some weight that way too! lol - she likes to be naked? DS is not really a fab of being naked. He loves to be warm though. Bath time got infinitely better once his umbilical cord fell off and I can soak him in very very warm water. </p> <p>@Mrs. J: Thank you. We've had it for 2 weeks, but I was hesitant to give it in the beginning because the first ped didn't really want to give it. I started giving him 1 dose a day to see if it helps. I will try giving the proper 2 doses now. Yes, I try tiny squirts, all at once, in between nursing. I don't blame him though - I tasted a drop and it's awful. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324815 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 13:06:54 +0000 Mrs. J 2324815@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: how long has he had the Zantac? It can take a little to work, but they definitely don't like to take it. I would try squirting down the inside of his cheek. It was a battle to get DS to eat for a while. There was so much screaming and I had to nurse him in a lot of different positions, sing to him and rub his foot or hand. Drops were a constant. Cutting dairy did not help here. When he had a bottle, preemie nipples (dr brown) worked best. I'm sorry mama. It does get better! It just takes time, time, time. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324813 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 13:05:14 +0000 Rainbow Sprinkles 2324813@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: and regarding temperment, M was sensitive to cold and to hot, and she still is now at almost 2. She's picky about clothes, shoes, textures, messes, fabrics, etc. Maybe as a baby, she hated her pajamas! ;) </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324812 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 13:04:09 +0000 Rainbow Sprinkles 2324812@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: no, I stayed off of all of them. So I was off of dairy, soy, and gluten for a year.<br /> The probiotics we used were Gerber Soothe. I'd try them--can't hurt!!! </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324779 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 12:28:52 +0000 twodoghouse 2324779@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: We had a very hard time getting DD to take the Zantac when she was younger. Eventually she started to like it, actually, but it was basically torture in the beginning. We called it her peppermint schnapps because of the smell. We had the best luck with squirting just a tiny bit in at a time over the course of a few minutes. We also held the syringe in the corner of her mouth, like up against the cheek? It was harder to spit out that way. DS started on the Zantac but after two weeks it didn't seem to be making a difference and he had started spitting up so much (like his whole 2 oz supplement after nursing). He was born at 4 lb 15 oz and was still barely at his birth weight so my dr was pretty aggressive about getting him to keep calories in his belly. FWIW, we did solutabs of Prevacid that dissolved in water and had almost no taste. He drank it willingly out of a medicine dropper pacifier. So if your DS is having a hard time with the Zantac and you think he needs reflux meds, see if you can move to Prevacid. One thing to keep in mind, too, is that Zantac dosing Is weight specific. So even if he's swallowing it well, it can seem to be ineffective if he grows out of the weight range for his dosage. My dr had us bring DD for weight checks every once in a while to bump up her dose. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324770 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 12:11:19 +0000 shopaholic 2324770@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@QBbride: Thanks. You can see my last response ^^. We got Zantac, but DS does not seem to swallow much if any of it. :( </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324769 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 12:10:15 +0000 shopaholic 2324769@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@twodoghouse: That's interesting you mentioned the screaming began before the spitting up. I think that's what happened here too. Screaming/fussing started about a week or two before constant spitting up. The extremely mad part I get. Let's hope there's the extremely happy part as well! ;) What was the difference and reason for Prevacid vs. Zantac? DS spits out I think all the Zantac.</p> <p>@jape14: Sounds like a good ped you have! I will look up silent reflux more to see if that's what we have. This ped office was very vocal about not wanting to give medication for reflux - only as a last resort. But decided to prescribe it right before we left as DS was screaming and screaming. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324766 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 12:04:30 +0000 shopaholic 2324766@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@gingerbebe: Oh wow! Does your DS have food allergies or intolerances now? How old is he/on solids? Yeah, when I told DH about all the foods the ped told me to eliminate, he told me he'd rather have me give formula then. Interesting, I will keep your timeline in mind if things get worse. </p> <p>@Bubbles: Thanks mama! Yup, see above ^^ on the food deprivation. Oh and your poor baby with the tongue tie. I don't think we have any issue like that. I went to see a LC at the hospital, and she thought he fed fine (and gains like 0.5 to 1 lb each week!)</p> <p>@Eko: There are so many factors that come into play with a fussy baby and I hate the term colicky. It's just like a blanket statement it seems - with no real root of a reason that they can pinpoint. :(</p> <p>@charlotte: I'm glad you found the cause! I have to look up MSPI as well to see what that entails. Yes, I'm sure we have reflux at play here too. DS has slept in the swing for a whole week at least. I've tried moving him back to the bassinet a couple times, only to have him end up screaming and finding him covered in spit up and soaked. We have Zantac too, but he basically spits it all back out. I remember with DD, I spent a whole month sleeping with her held upright on my chest propped up against the headboard. At the time I thought that was awful, but I wish DS would let me do that now too. He resists everything and won't stay still in any position. He only seems to like me walking around holding/bouncing him. How old is your LO now and is she doing better? </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324762 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 11:54:34 +0000 QBbride 2324762@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: I would push the ped to prescribe Zantac then. Of course all medications have side effects and shouldn't be prescribed without reason, but the side effects of Zantac are pretty minimal. Then hopefully it will help, and if not then you can cross it off your list. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324761 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 11:54:16 +0000 shopaholic 2324761@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@BeachMama: I'm sorry, that sounds exhausting. Sounds like 4 months really is the magic number. </p> <p>@Rainbow Sprinkles: I won't lie. Your responses terrifies me, but also makes me feel better that it's not that bad over here. I forgot about probiotics. I will have to start that and see if it helps. When you eliminated each thing, did you only eliminate one group at a time. Like, by the time you eliminated gluten, were you back to enjoying dairy?</p> <p>You both may have the right idea about temperament. We'll have to see how DS is. He seems sensitive to cold, but when he is calm (mornings/daytime) he can be pretty relaxed and happy! </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324755 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 11:47:51 +0000 shopaholic 2324755@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@Mrs. J: He wasn't spitting up a lot at the original visit, but has increasingly spit up more and more. </p> <p>@Foodnerd81: Leg cycling doesn't help DS like it did with DD. Gas drops do seem to help a little though.</p> <p>@Winterbee15: Thank you. Yes, the crying is especially pronounced late/motn evenings. That's the hard part, especially when I'm scared he'll wake up DD. </p> <p>@yoursilverlining: :( That sounds awful. I understand the dread though. He's all good but the later it gets, the more I fear each grunt and whimper.</p> <p>@QBbride: I wish baby wearing helped more. It was a lifesaver with DD, but DS only likes/tolerates it (like everything else) for a period of time. Then he scratches/claws at me and screams when he's done. He always arches his head and leans back when he's upset, so I think that he does have discomfort (gas or reflux). </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324691 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 08:49:32 +0000 jape14 2324691@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>DS didn't have colic but he had silent reflux which can sometimes be missed as "colic." For us the main symptom was fussiness during and after feedings. I fed him while the ped observed and she deemed it a pretty classic case of silent reflux. We tried Zantac first but eventually Prilosec was the game-changer. He was off meds around 6-7 months. Also if you're using formula or supplementing at all, the Gerber Soothe formula is great for reflux &amp; colic. They also make the Soothe probiotic drops that you can add to a bottle or give otherwise like you would vitamin d drops. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324679 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 07:49:26 +0000 twodoghouse 2324679@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>I had one colicky twin and one non-colicky twin, but they both had reflux. They were spitting up, but the screaming started several weeks before the spitting up started. (To be honest, DD was a screamer from birth. The nurses were very impressed with her powerful lungs!) We saw a huge improvement with reflux meds (Zantac for one and Prevacid for the other), but DD is still just a sensitive child at 17 months. She feels things very strongly so if she is mad, she is very mad. But when she's cheerful she is really ecstatically happy. So for her, I do think the colic was part reflux and part personality. We had the worst time from 5-9 pm when she would finally pass out every night. That lasted for months, but an earlier bedtime and nice calm bedtime routine helped a lot. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324643 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 03:53:50 +0000 charlotte 2324643@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>I remember you posted on my post that mentioned baby grunting all night / feeling like I could never wake up and handle the nights well.... in our case all of that turned out to be reflux related. The noises all night were spitting and coughing and suffering from reflux after being laid flat in the bassinet. We had MSPI issues as well. Once those were resolved it was easier for me to see we still had a problem and pick out the reflux symptoms. In addition to the all night discomfort she would also do random cry screams and refuse to be comforted in the day. </p> <p>She's on Zantac and we hold upright 30 min after feeding now. And she's slept in the rock n play for the last week. So far so good but I am dreading the crib transition...... </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324642 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 03:42:46 +0000 Eko 2324642@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>I always said we had a colicky baby, but know it could've been worse. DS was never really up for over three hours at a stretch so that definition isn't helpful. Pretty much he did a combo of fussing and crying all day non stop. Certainly the worst hours were around bedtime. I stopped breastfeeding in order to use the hypo allergenic formula, which helped very little. He was put on Prilosec which helped a lot. Definitely started seeing an improvement around 4 months. At that time I startesd putting rice in his cereal and that has also helped tremendously take off the remaining colic. I've now begun to notice with his personality that he loves playing with other people, so yeah he does sometimes fuss if I put him down and don't pay attention to him. There's no real help for colic unless your baby does have reflux. Mine was very symptomatic so I'm not familiar with silent reflux. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324640 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 03:29:36 +0000 Bubbles 2324640@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>DS cried pretty much the whole time he was awake from birth until 3 months. After that he calmed down a bit, but still cried a huge amount during and after feeds - eventually it turned out he had a tongue tie the whole time that was making it so hard for him to feed.<br /> I'll never know how much of his early crying was caused by that - but I suspect there was some traditional colic at play too.<br /> Personally I would not advise doing any elimination unless there are strong signs of intolerance like blood in stools. I eliminated so many things and nothing made a difference - but I feel like you can always convince yourself it is helping because you so want something to work. I think looking after a colicky baby is hard enough without depriving yourself of so many foods! That's just my opinion though, I know some babies do have strong intolerances. Hugs 💗 </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324638 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 03:01:15 +0000 gingerbebe 2324638@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>@shopaholic: eliminating dairy wasn't that bad, caffeine (even decaf coffee and tea) and chocolate seemed to help, but his screaming got so bad I was fine with eliminating anything and everything. At the peak of his colic at 10 weeks my ped suggested a two week trial of Nutramigen in case he had a milk protein intolerance and we did that which helped get us over the hump. I pumped throughout while eating the bland diet and reintroduced BM a bottle at a time over a few days and he was okay aside from the reflux. I still don't know what exactly was the problem. I used to drink vegan protein shakes with spoonfuls of melted coconut oil mixed in just to get calories in and I hated life. </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324631 Sun, 18 Oct 2015 00:15:22 +0000 Rainbow Sprinkles 2324631@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>M had pretty bad colic. Around 2 or 3 weeks she began getting fussy, and it progressively got worse as she got older. At 5 weeks we started to seek help, first from an IBCLC, then a ped, then another ped, and then by 8 weeks I was seeking help from a pediatric gastroenterologist.</p> <p>She cried about 10 hours a day, as horrible as that sounds. She slept soundly during the day, but would wake up screaming and would not stop screaming until she was asleep again. Two separate peds prescribed both Zantac and Prevacid, but neither of those did anything. I don't think she had reflux (or silent reflux). At 6 or 7 weeks I eliminated dairy, and then soy, and then eventually gluten. I noticed a big change in her once I eliminated gluten. We also gave probiotics (which seemed to help). But overall, she was still generally a fussy baby--the diet definitely wasn't a cure-all. She did not start to mellow out until around 7 months. But even now, she's a finicky (but awesome) kid. Who knows, maybe some of it was temperament? </p> https://boards.hellobee.com/topic/did-you-have-a-colicky-baby#post-2324619 Sat, 17 Oct 2015 23:11:21 +0000 BeachMama 2324619@https://boards.hellobee.com/ <p>DD started screaming and crying on day 7 and didn't stop for 4 months. Unless she was being held and bouncing on the yoga ball, she was not happy. She didn't nap more than 30 min and took about an hour to calm down and get to sleep at night. She was never diagnosed w reflux but looking back I think there was something going on w her tummy. After 4 months she calmed down, but now at 3.5 she can definitely be more "spirited" and emotional than other kids her age. </p>